After combining the results of various studies, we developed a framework starting from applicable problems and their solutions, which can incorporate the outcomes of RES research while systematically narrowing down the research questions and methods. In terms of non-spatial improvement: Improved monetary benefits (40%), non-monetary benefits (30%) in terms of spatial improvement: space with high recreational potential or degradation (7%), the relation between supply and demand (7%) and Cross-service governance (16%). However, RES research has many potential applications, which can be categorised into six main aspects. From 2005 to 2020, only 13% of studies referred to specific applications, and about 40% of papers mentioned no applications or practical implications for their research. We found that studies of RES have not effectively transformed into the decision-making and long-term planning of our cities. To better explore how well the scientific study of RES and its application are connected, this paper aims to synthesize empirical evidence based on an in-depth and systematic literature review.
The science-practice gap has recently been discussed as a critical challenge restricting sustainable growth and development in all facets of our society, including explorations of Recreation Ecosystem Services (RES).
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